At the same time, it provides information about the scene numbers, script pages and locations relevant for the day, as well as the necessary equipment.įeature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. There is also a production breakdown for each day of shooting, which summarizes the relevant information from the schedule and lists exactly who has to be on the set for a planned daily shoot.

Shooting scenes out of order helps avoid the cost of having to repeatedly travel back to the same locations or reassemble the same sets, but requires considerable effort from both cast and crew members to maintain the illusion of continuity. Since actors are normally paid a 'day rate,' it makes more sense from a financial perspective, for example, to shoot all three scenes involving a particular actor and location on a single day (even though the scenes may occur in completely different parts of the script), rather than paying the actor's day rate three times to bring back the same actor to the same location on three different days just to speak a few lines each day. To save money, the production team will identify all scenes that involve the same location, cast, and crew and group them together as much as possible so they can be shot together all at once. The shooting schedule usually depends on organizational aspects such as the availability of the actors and locations, and, in the case of outdoor shots, on the season, weather and light conditions. The sequence of the scenes to be shot normally does not follow their chronological sequence in the script. The organizational sequence of the shooting is then created in the form of the shooting schedule, specifying the locations, decorations and the necessary personnel and equipment, sorted by date and time. Once the locations have been set, the screenplay is summarized in a script breakdown with all information relevant to the shooting. A filming permit within an urban area usually requires a fee, which depends on the complexity and scope of the filming as well as the attractiveness of the location. An extensive production may require closing the area with signs and diversions. In the early days of cinema, filmmakers tried to film outdoors as much as possible, as sunlight was needed to ensure adequate exposure of poor-quality early film stock nowadays, due to the increased use of CGI, more shooting is done in a studio.ĭepending on the laws of the respective country, the producer must obtain filming permits from private individuals, authorities or companies for the selected locations before filming begins. However, outdoor shooting requires more effort because equipment and personnel must be transported to the location. Costs and artistic reasons (see French New Wave and Dogma 95) are the main drives behind filming on location. While shooting in a sound stage offers more accurate planning, constructing sets may be expensive. Principal photography can take place in a studio or in an actual setting, and the choice of location depends on artistic and economic aspects. Additional typical roles during filming include the script supervisor to record changes to the script and the still photographer to produce images for advertising and documentation. In addition, a sound report is created, which, similar to the production report, contains detailed information on the recorded material, but with regard to the sound recordings. This includes the storyboard with instructions for the copier and the editing room, the continuity notes for compliance with editing details and a report on unforeseen events. Other roles are related with the preparation of a daily production report, which shows the progress of the production compared to the schedule and contains further reports. In addition, there are numerous roles that serve the organization and the orderly sequence of the production, such as grips or gaffers. They are responsible for the daily implementation of the shoot, managing the daily call sheet, the location barriers, transportation, and catering. Personnel īesides the main film personnel, such as actors, director, cinematographer or sound engineer and their respective assistants ( assistant director, camera assistant, boom operator), the unit production manager plays a decisive role in principal photography. Principal photography is the phase of producing a film or television show in which the bulk of shooting takes place, as distinct from the phases of pre-production and post-production.

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